Cervical cancer (CC) is a common malignant gynecologic tumor that is infected by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Astragalus also known as Huangqi in Chinese can enhance curative efficacy and reduce chemotherapy toxicity for cervical cancer. However, the action mechanism remains unclear. The network pharmacology, molecular docking, GEPIA, and in vitro experiments were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of Huangqi in treating CC. Results showed that a total of 20 active compounds and 180 potential targets of Huangqi were chosen. In an drug-active component-target-disease network, quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin, and isorhamnetin were the important active components. In PPI network, MAPK1, AKT1, CCND1, FOS, JUN, MAPK14, RELA, HIF1A, IL-2, MYC, and ESR1 were the core targets. The expression of ESR1 was significantly lower in tumor tissues than in normal control tissues by GEPIA analysis. KEGG analyses showed that the main pathways of Huangqi in treating CC involved TNF, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. In molecular docking, the active compounds of Huangqi had a good affinity with ESR1. Finally,the MTT assay and qPCR analysis validated the therapeutic effect of the active ingredients of Huangqi injection on cervical cancer.